Annie Jump Cannon (1863 – 1941)
Annie was an American Astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification.  Along with Edward C. Pickering she is credited with the creation of the Harvard Classification Scheme, which was the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures.

Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion (1877 – 1962)
Gabrielle was a French astronomer, who worked at the observatory at Juvisy-sur-Orge, and was General Secretary of the Societe Astronomique de France. Gabrielle published work in the changing surface features of Mars, the Great Red Spot on Jupiter, and observations of other planets, minor planets, and variable stars.  Gabrielle Born was married to Camille Flammarion, also an accomplished astronomer.  A crater on Mars is named in her honor, and her first name was the basis for naming the asteroid 355 Gabriella.

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (1857 – 1911)
Fleming worked as a domestic Professor Edward Pickering from the Harvard Observatory.  Pickering became frustrated with his male assistants and famously declared that his maid could do a better job, so in 1881, Pickering hired Fleming to do clerical work at the observatory. While there, Flemming devised and helped implement a system of assigning stars a letter according to how much hydrogen could be observed in their spectra. Later, Annie Jump Cannon would improve upon this work to develop a simpler classification system based on temperature. Flemming contributed to the cataloguing of stars that would be published as the Henry Draper Catalogue. In nine years, she catalogued more than 10,000 stars. During her work, she discovered 59 gaseous nebulae, over 310 variable stars, and 10 novae.  In 1907, she published a list of 222 variable stars she had discovered.  Fleming was placed in charge of dozens of women hired to do mathematical classifications and edited the observatory’s publications. In 1899, Fleming was given the title of Curator of Astronomical Photographs. In 1906, she was made an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, the first American woman to be elected.  Soon after, she was appointed honorary fellow in astronomy of Wellesley College. Shortly before her death, the Astronomical Society of Mexico awarded her the Guadalupe Almendaro medal for her discovery of new stars.

Cecilia Payne – Gaposchkin (1900 – 1979)
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Eleanor Helin (1932 – 2009)
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Caroline Herschel (1750 – 1848)
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Margaret Lindsey Murray Huggins (1848 – 1915)
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Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit (1907 – 2007)
Hoffleit was born in Alabama, USA, and earned her Ph.D. in astronomy from Radcliffe College in 1938. She was a research assistant at the Harvard College Observatory, and was then hired as an astronomer at Harvard in 1948. In 1956 she moved to Yale, and stayed until she retired in 1975. Ellen was the author of the ‘Bright Star Catalogue’, information on 9,110 brightest stars in the sky. She also co-authored ‘The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes’, containing distance measurements to 8,112 stars. Ellen was awared the George Van Biesbroeck Prize in 1988.